What is HIV ? How to Protect Yourself

HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, particularly the CD4 white blood cells that help fight off infections. As HIV weakens the immune system over time, the body becomes more vulnerable to other diseases and certain types of cancer. If left untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS, the most advanced stage of the infection, where the immune system is severely compromised.

How Is HIV Transmitted?

HIV is transmitted through certain bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. Common routes of transmission include unprotected sex, sharing needles or injecting equipment, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. However, HIV cannot be spread through casual contact such as hugging, sharing toilets, or coughing and sneezing.

How Dangerous Is HIV?

While HIV is a serious virus, it is now manageable with modern antiretroviral treatment. People living with HIV who are diagnosed early and adhere to their medication can live long, healthy, and normal lives. When the virus is suppressed to undetectable levels in the blood, it cannot be transmitted to others—this concept is known as "Undetectable = Untransmittable" (U=U), a breakthrough in HIV science and prevention.

Can HIV Be Prevented?

Yes, HIV can be effectively prevented through several methods. These include consistently using condoms during sex, getting regular HIV testing to know your status, not sharing needles, and using preventive medications like PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) or PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis). Educating yourself and others about HIV and reducing stigma are also powerful tools in prevention efforts.

Why Is HIV Testing Important?

Getting tested for HIV is a crucial step in taking control of your health. Early diagnosis allows for timely treatment, helping manage the virus and prevent its transmission. Testing is not about judgment—it’s about awareness, responsibility, and self-care. Knowing your status empowers you to make informed decisions and protect both yourself and those you care about.