Genital warts: Symptoms and causes you should know

Genital warts are one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). This virus can lead to the development of warts in the genital area in both men and women. Moreover, certain types of HPV are associated with an increased risk of cancer. Understanding the symptoms and causes of genital warts can help you prevent and manage this infection effectively. This article will guide you through everything you need to know about genital warts—including symptoms, causes, prevention, and treatment.

What Are Genital Warts?

Genital warts, medically known as condyloma acuminata, are STIs caused by HPV. There are over 100 types of HPV, but only a few—mainly HPV-6 and HPV-11—are responsible for genital warts. These warts usually appear as small, raised bumps with a rough texture, flesh-colored or pinkish in tone. Sometimes, they cluster in a cauliflower-like shape. HPV is transmitted primarily through unprotected sexual contact—oral, vaginal, or anal. It can also spread through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person.

Symptoms of Genital Warts

In many cases, HPV infections may not cause noticeable symptoms early on. However, as the infection progresses, the following signs may appear:

• Raised bumps on the genitals: Small, flesh-colored or pinkish warts that appear on or around the genitals or anus. They may appear individually or in clusters.
• Itching or burning: Some individuals experience itching or a burning sensation in the affected area, particularly after sexual activity or contact.
• Discomfort in the genital area: Irritation caused by the warts or additional infections can lead to discomfort.
• Wart growth and spreading: Without treatment, the warts may increase in size or number over time.
• Inflammation or swelling: In some cases, warts can become inflamed, leading to swelling and pain.
• Bleeding: Warts that are irritated or scratched may bleed, especially those located in areas of frequent friction.

Causes and Risk Factors of Genital Warts

Genital warts are caused by HPV infection. Several factors increase the risk of contracting this virus:

Unprotected Sexual Activity

Engaging in sex without a condom significantly increases the risk of HPV transmission.

Multiple Sexual Partners

Having multiple sexual partners raises the likelihood of encountering an HPV-infected partner.

Early Sexual Activity

Teenagers who engage in sexual activity without proper education and protection are at higher risk of infection.

Smoking

Smoking weakens the immune system, making the body more susceptible to HPV and its complications.

Weakened Immune System

Individuals with compromised immune systems—such as those living with HIV or on immunosuppressive medications—are at higher risk.

Pregnancy

Hormonal changes during pregnancy can lead to the growth or enlargement of genital warts.

Lack of Awareness

A lack of knowledge about STIs and how to prevent them plays a major role in HPV transmission.

Family History

Though rare, a family history of HPV infections might increase susceptibility in some cases.

Medical Treatments for Genital Warts

Several medical treatments can effectively remove genital warts and reduce the risk of spreading HPV:

Topical Medications

Prescription creams such as Podofilox, Imiquimod, and Sinecatechins can destroy wart tissue and stimulate the immune response.

Cryotherapy

This method uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy wart tissue. Multiple sessions may be required for complete removal.

Electrocautery

An electric current is used to burn off the warts. This method is often used for larger or hard-to-reach warts.

Laser Therapy

A precise laser beam is used to eliminate wart tissue, offering a less painful alternative for some cases.

Surgical Removal

In cases of large, inflamed, or persistent warts, surgical excision may be necessary to prevent further spread.

How to Prevent Genital Warts

You can significantly reduce your risk of contracting or spreading genital warts by following these preventative measures:

✔ HPV Vaccination

Getting vaccinated is the most effective way to protect against the HPV strains that cause genital warts and HPV-related cancers.

✔ Use of Condoms

Consistent use of condoms during sexual activity can lower the risk of HPV transmission, although it may not offer full protection.

✔ Monogamous Relationships

Having a stable, mutually monogamous relationship reduces exposure to the virus.

✔ Avoid Sexual Contact with Infected Individuals

Refrain from sexual activity with partners known to have genital warts or a history of HPV infection.

✔ Sexual Health Education

Providing comprehensive sex education—especially among teenagers and young adults—can help reduce the spread of HPV and other STIs.

✔ Annual Health Checkups

Regular medical checkups can help detect HPV infections in their early stages, allowing for prompt and effective treatment.